By: David Edwards
In two alerts on
May 31 and
June 13,
we noted how the UK corporate media system instantly found, not just
the Syrian government, but its leader Bashar Assad, responsible for the
May 25 massacre of 108 people, including 49 children, in Houla, Syria.
Numerous cartoons depicted Assad smeared with blood or bathing in
blood. Just two days after the massacre, the Independent on Sunday’s
front cover wanted to know what its readers were going to do about it:
‘There is, of course, supposed to be a
ceasefire, which the brutal Assad regime simply ignores. And the
international community? It just averts its gaze. Will you do the same?
Or will the sickening fate of these innocent children make you very,
very angry?’ (Independent on Sunday, May 27, 2012)
Quite what readers were supposed to do, other than gaze, was unclear.
After all, one of the great triumphs of modern politics is the
near-complete insulation of US-UK foreign policy against democratic
pressures.
Inside the paper, David Randall
wrote these bitter words:
‘He is the President; she is the First
Lady; they are dead children. He governs but doesn't protect; she shops
and doesn't care… And one hopes that those on the United Nations
Security Council, when it reconvenes, will look into the staring eyes of
these dead children and remember the hollow words of Assad's wife when
she simpered that she “comforts the families” of her country's victims.’
This was standard for political commentary and media coverage right
across politics and media. Houla was not reported as just one more ugly
event in world news. It was sold to the British public as an historic
‘something must be done’ tipping point on a par with the
contested Racak and
hypothetical Benghazi massacres used to justify the West’s attacks on Serbia in 1999 and Libya in 2011, respectively.
US and UK politicians were clearly desperate to use Houla to stoke
their regime-change agenda. Rehearsing the crude tactics of the
Bush-Blair era, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and UK Foreign
Secretary William Hague endlessly repeated their damning judgements:
facts were irrelevant, propaganda stunts everything. No holds were
barred. The media, as ever, were happy to go along for the ride.
If the US-UK alliance was to succeed in justifying externally-imposed regime change, then the Assad government
had to be declared responsible – certainly, solely, unforgivably. And that indeed was the message supplied by the media.
However, as we explained in our June 13 alert, cracks in the story quickly began to emerge. It
turned out that women and children had
not had their throats cut, as had been universally asserted. Moreover, the BBC’s World News editor Jon Williams
commented:
‘In Houla, and now in Qubair, the finger
has been pointed at the shabiha, pro-government militia. But tragic
death toll aside, the facts are few: it's not clear who ordered the
killings - or why.’
But these and a handful of other comments – and the sources informing
them – were kept low-profile and did not become part of the media
discussion. Inexplicably, the implications for earlier media claims went
unexamined, undiscussed.
The UN - 'Unable To Determine The Identity Of The Perpetrators At This Time'
Last week, on June 27, a UN Commission of Inquiry delivered its
report on the massacre. In considering those responsible, the UN described the three most likely possibilities:
‘First, that the perpetrators were
Shabbiha or other local militia from neighbouring villages, possibly
operating together with, or with the acquiescence of, the Government
security forces; second, that the perpetrators were anti-Government
forces seeking to escalate the conflict while punishing those that
failed to support – or who actively opposed - the rebellion; or third,
foreign groups with unknown affiliation.’
The report’s assessment:
‘With the available evidence, the CoI [Commission of Inquiry] could not rule out any of these possibilities.’
The UN summarised:
‘The CoI is unable to determine the
identity of the perpetrators at this time; nevertheless the CoI
considers that forces loyal to the Government may have been responsible
for many of the deaths. The investigation will continue until the end of
the CoI mandate.’
A remarkably cautious conclusion, given that it was produced in the
face of intense Western political and media pressure (no doubt also
behind the scenes) to blame the Syrian government.
So how did the media react to this high-profile report starkly
contradicting its consensus on Houla? An honest media would have
headlined the UN’s doubt, alerting readers to the earlier baseless
assertions and misreporting.
Instead, the LexisNexis media database search engine finds (July 5)
just six articles mentioning the report in UK national newspapers and
their websites, with only five of these mentioning Houla. An
astonishingly low level of coverage given the massive media attention
that preceded it. LexisNexis records 1,017 print and online articles
mentioning Houla in all UK newspapers since the massacre on May 25.
The Independent, which, as discussed, initially led the field in Houla hype,
described the UN findings thus:
‘Gunmen raided the headquarters of a
pro-government Syrian TV station yesterday, killing seven employees,
kidnapping others and demolishing buildings. The government described
the killings as a “massacre,” just as the UN was blaming state forces
for the Houla massacre.’
If this was a gross misrepresentation of the UN's findings, it was rendered absurd by clicking an online link to ‘
More’, which took readers to these words from Patrick Cockburn:
‘The UN report on last month's massacre
at Houla, near the northern city of Homs, does not name those
responsible, saying only that forces loyal to the government “may have
been responsible” for many of the deaths.
‘It does not name the Alawite militia –
the Shabiha – as being responsible, as has been widely reported, but
said they had easiest access to Houla.’
That indeed
was the news – the UN report had starkly contradicted the ‘widely reported’ but false certainty.
In similar vein, a Guardian piece was
titled: ‘Syrian government loyalists “may be responsible” for massacre – UN report.’
A separate Guardian headline bullet point
read: ‘Assad forces may be to blame for many Houla deaths – UN.’
By contrast, more accurately, Alex Thomson of Channel 4 News
tweeted:
'UN Syria report: says al-Houla massacre of 108 could have been done by either pro or anti Assad militias'
We
wrote to Thomson: 'Interesting, the Guardian is reporting it thus: 'Syrian government loyalists "may be responsible"' UN report.'
Thomson
replied: 'true but UN equally saying anti-govt militia could have done it. And I speak as someone interviewed by UN on this.'
The former Guardian and Observer journalist, Jonathan Cook, emailed us:
'Yes, in fact, the Guardian's headline
stating that Syrian government loyalists "may have been responsible" for
the Houla massacre is simply preposterous. The narrative already
promoted by the Guardian (and everyone else) is that they *were*
responsible. So it should be blindingly obvious to the editors that the
only *news* in this UN report is that the government loyalists may *not*
have been responsible. Jonathan' (Email to Media Lens, June 27, 2012)
Just three days after the UN report was published, Martin Chulov
wrote in the Guardian:
‘In the Syrian village of Qatma, not far
from the Turkish border, a family from the town of Houla, where a
massacre widely blamed on regime backers took place in late May, has
taken refuge.’
In the article, which focused solely on the perspective of Syria’s
armed opposition, Chulov made no mention of the UN report or the fact
that it had challenged the ‘widely’ circulated claims. Instead, he
concluded:
‘Where the UN and the international
community may have been seen as ponderous in the Balkans, they are
viewed in a worse light through a Syrian opposition lens – impotent.
‘"What they are talking about [in Geneva] is meaningless," said Idris [a Syrian exile]. "It won't change things."’
Seen as ‘ponderous’ by whom? Presumably not the current Syrian
opposition. And presumably not by those of us appalled by the mendacious
propaganda used to justify Nato’s war on Serbia in 1999. Chulov meant,
of course, right-thinking people. The comment recalled Chulov’s earlier
response on Twitter:
‘Took a v long time to muster support for a response in Bosnia and Kosovo. Syria will be even more difficult.’
Even The Times did better than the Guardian:
‘The [UN] authors said that they were
unable to determine who carried out a massacre of more than 100 people
in Houla last month but added that forces loyal to Mr Assad may have
been responsible for many of the killings.’ (Janine di Giovanni, ‘Assad
and rebels think they have more to gain from violence, UN general says,’
The Times, June 28, 2012)
The BBC website initially
commented:
‘UN investigator and author of the report
Karen Abuzayd told the BBC that “there is the possibility of three
different groups who may have done this”.
‘She said that government forces were
responsible for the initial shelling in which some people died. But what
she called the “massacre” afterwards in people's homes was done either
by militiamen from Alawite villages - known as shabiha - or possibly by
armed opposition groups.’
As the
News Sniffer website
recorded, these words were quickly edited out. Similar comments were later
restored.
Media response to the UN report on Houla is a striking example of how
the corporate system has evolved to channel and boost government
propaganda claims on demand. As ever, counter-evidence, even from
highly-respected sources, struggles to make any headway against this ‘
babbling brook of bullshit’.
One might think that the primary concern of editors and journalists
would be to provide media consumers with accurate, comprehensible
information, not least by correcting earlier high-profile errors. But
not a single editorial or comment piece examining the implications of
the UN report on Houla has sought to do this. Most readers and viewers
will continue to believe that women and children had their throat cuts,
certainly on the orders of the Syrian government. Others will be simply
bewildered by an overwhelming consensus punctuated by odd, apparently
credible, but unexplored contradictions.
SUGGESTED ACTION
The goal of Media Lens is to promote rationality, compassion and
respect for others. If you do write to journalists, we strongly urge you
to maintain a polite, non-aggressive and non-abusive tone. Please write
to:
John Mullin, editor of the Independent on Sunday
Email:
j.mullin@independent.co.uk
David Randall at the Independent
Email:
d.randall@independent.co.uk
Martin Chulov at the Guardian
Via Twitter: @martinchulov
Alan Rusbridger, Guardian editor
Email:
alan.rusbridger@guardian.co.uk
Via twitter: @arusbridger
Steve Herrmann, BBC News online editor
Email:
steve.herrmann@bbc.co.uk
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